Frequently Asked Questions About Bankruptcy

There’s no minimum amount of debt required. If you’re struggling with debt that is not affordable, then bankruptcy might a good option.

People from all walks of life file bankruptcy. What might be affordable to one person, might not be affordable to another. It’s all relative.

Of course, there are some scenarios in which a bankruptcy might not be worth it based on the amount of debt you have, and the costs involved. 

In those scenarios, debt defense or debt settlement might be a good strategy to deal with unaffordable debt.

Every case is different. If you’re not sure what the best option is for you, please call us to schedule a free strategy session to develop your best plan of action.

 

 

On of the most common misconceptions about bankruptcy is that you'll lose your all your stuff. One of our most frequently asked questions from homeowners is whether they'll lose their home. Thankfully, there's very little to worry about here. 

 

First, this is never an issue in a Chapter 13 bankruptcy. There is simply no involuntary loss of property in a Chapter 13 case. 

 

A Chapter 7 bankruptcy, on the other hand, is considered a liquidation of assets. However, the vast majority of cases are "no asset" cases in which no property is lost. This is because exemptions allow you to protect the equity in your assets. 

 

In Massachusetts, we have the option to choose from two completely different exemption schemes: the default federal exemptions or the Massachusetts state-specific exemptions. 

 

If you have equity in your home, this can be an important decision. 

 

Under the default federal exemption scheme, you can only protect up to $23,675 in equity in your home per person (this is doubled to $47,350 if you file bankruptcy jointly with your spouse). Massachusetts state law is much more generous. 

 

Under the Massachusetts scheme, you are entitled to an automatic homestead protection of up to $125,000. By recording a simple form at the registry of deeds, though, this exemption increases to $500,000. 

 

Elderly or disabled spouses can also stack together personal exemptions, so that a total of up to one million dollars is protected. 

 

Because of these generous exemptions, most homeowners that have significant equity in their home will choose to use the Massachusetts state-specific exemption scheme. 

 

However, there are some limitations that rarely come up, but should be noted for full disclosure. 

 

First, your exemption may be capped if the court finds that you obtained the equity as a result of some wrongful act taken within the last 10 years to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor. 

 

Second, if you acquired your home within the last 1,215 days, then the exemption is currently capped at $160,375. (This amount regularly adjusts to account for changes in costs of living). 

 

Third, your exemption will also be capped at this same amount if you've been convicted of certain crimes, owe debt resulting from criminal acts, intentional torts, misconduct, fraud, and/or certain other bad acts. There is also an exception to this exception, so be sure to review this with your attorney if you think this might apply to you, as this area of the law can be quite complicated. 

 

Assuming you haven't committed one of these bad acts, you may claim the full homestead exemption to ensure that the nobody can take your home from you. 

 

To review your particular circumstances, contact Brine Consumer Law today for a free consultation. 

 

 

Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 are the two main types of bankruptcy that people file for. Both allow you to obtain a discharge of debts in different ways. 

 

Chapter 7 is considered a liquidation of assets. However, no property is lost in the vast majority of cases. As a result, most Chapter 7 cases provide a discharge of debt in about 100 days from start to finish. 

 

A Chapter 13 is a repayment plan over a term of several years. There are a number of factors that go into determining how much your monthly payment will be, but the payment should be affordable based on your budget. Remaining debts are discharged at the end of your payment plan. 

 

Eligibility for a Chapter 7 is determined based on household income. If you don't qualify, you may have to file a Chapter 13 instead. There is also similar test under Chapter 13, which is used to determine the required term of your payment plan, as well as any minimum required payment. 

 

Please note that the treatment of some debts vary between the two chapters. For example, some divorce settlement obligations can only be discharged in a Chapter 13. Therefore, be sure to review your goals with an experienced attorney before filing. 

 

Attorney Brine has a video explanation of the differences between Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 available here. 

The fear of unwanted publicity in bankruptcy is common. This is usually the result of a difference in perception vs. reality. 

While bankruptcy cases are publicly available, the only people that usually know of them are you, your creditors, court personnel, and anyone else directly involved in the case (attorneys, the trustee, etc.). 

People often fear that their friends and/or co-workers will find out.  But thousands of people file for bankruptcy every year in Massachusetts. You almost certainly know someone that’s filed - friends, family, neighbors, co-workers, etc. How many times have you looked these people up to see if they’ve filed? Probably never. And they probably won't look you up either. 

Yes, celebrity bankruptcy filings are often reported on the news. But unless you’re famous, your case probably isn’t going to be that interesting. 

 

A Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing is a fairly straightforward process. It typically takes about 100 days from start to finish and can be a great option if your goal is to eliminate credit card debt. However, you must qualify for a Chapter 7 based on your income and household size. The form you will need to complete for this is referred to as the “means test.”

There are two parts of the means test. First, you must compare your household income with the median income for your household size. As of May 1, 2016, the applicable median incomes in Massachusetts are as follows:

• Household of one: $57,594
• Household of two: $72,346
• Household of three: $90,506
• Household of four: $111,595

The calculation of your income is based on the last six months, although expected changes may be factored in. Also, these numbers are based on gross income received before any taxes or payroll deductions are counted.

If your income is less than the median amount, then you automatically qualify for a Chapter 7 and the rest of the means test form can be disregarded. If your income is above the median amount, then the second portion of the means test must be completed in order to determine whether you are eligible.

The Second Part of the Test: Income and Expenses

The second portion of the means test is a comparison of monthly income and expenses. The idea is to determine whether you have sufficient disposable income each month, such that your case should be a payment plan under a Chapter 13. However, the form only allows you to deduct certain expenses.

Also, while you can deduct the true cost of your expenses for many items, that is not the case for everything. For example, expenses for food, clothing, and transportation costs can only be deducted in presumed amounts based on your household size—regardless of what your true cost for these items are. Because of this, the means test can sometimes lead to frustrating results. It is therefore important to speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney about your case.

Attorney Brine has significant experience in all aspects of consumer Chapter 7 cases, including means test issues. Phone consultations are free, so contact Brine Consumer Law today to discuss your options.

One of the most common questions my bankruptcy clients ask is whether their case can be rejected for some unknown reason. They fear that the judge won’t like them, or maybe he’ll think they were irresponsible with money.

Thankfully, this fear is misplaced. The short answer is no: a bankruptcy case cannot be automatically rejected. Bankruptcy is your statutory right to relief from unaffordable debt. It is not subjective and you cannot be denied relief even in the unlikely event that the judge actually doesn’t like you or thinks that you were irresponsible. In fact, most clients never even see the judge.

Here in Worcester, once a bankruptcy case is filed it is automatically assigned to a Chapter 7 trustee. The trustee is a court-appointed representative of your creditors. It is the trustee’s job to examine your case in order to determine whether you have any significant assets that can’t be protected, or if there are any other issues with the case. You and your attorney will have an in-person meeting with the trustee about a month after the case is filed. While you will testify under oath at this meeting, it is not a court hearing. It’s not even held in the court. Instead, it’s typically held in an office building on Main Street in Worcester.

However, the longer answer is that there are of course some limitations on bankruptcy relief. There are some types of debts that normally aren’t dischargeable, such as domestic support obligations, most student loans, and some taxes. Most other types of debt will generally be dischargeable unless you committed some bad deed—fraud, concealment of assets, lying on your bankruptcy petition, etc. Some bad deeds can result in one particular debt not being dischargeable, while others can impact the entire bankruptcy case. Fortunately, this isn’t something that most people will need to be concerned with.

My clients are honest, hard-working people who have had some unexpected event happen that wrecked their finances: job loss, divorce, medical problems, etc. Bankruptcy provides them a way to get a fresh start without any subjectivity or judgment. And unless you’ve previously committed some bad deed like fraud, you shouldn’t have any concern about a rejection of your case.

If you are considering a Worcester bankruptcy filing, please call Brine Consumer Law to discuss your situation. All consultations are free.

While there are a few types of debt that are never dischargeable in bankruptcy, income taxes are not one of them. However, income taxes are not always dischargeable either. There is a three-part test that income taxes must satisfy in order to be dischargeable.

Specifically, in order to be dischargeable:

• The tax return you owe on must have been due to be filed at least three years ago.
• The tax return you owe on must have actually been filed at least two years ago.
• The taxes you owe must have been assessed for at least 240 days.

In most cases, if the taxes aren’t at least three years old, then they may not satisfy these requirements. However, IRS collection activity can complicate these time calculations. For example, a request for an offer in compromise may lengthen the time need to obtain a dischargeable status.

Additionally, under recent court decisions, you may have difficulty discharging income taxes if your tax return was filed late, or if the IRS or MDOR filed a return on your behalf.

Finally, these rules only apply to personal income taxes. Other types of taxes, such as sale tax or payroll taxes, are not dischargeable.

How Will Taxes Impact My Case?

If you owe significant tax debts, then there are two additional items that should be mentioned.

• First, if the IRS or MDOR already have a tax lien against your property, then in some circumstances, you may be able to reduce or eliminate the balance of that lien altogether.
• Second, and perhaps more important, is that the Worcester, Massachusetts bankruptcy court does not consider taxes to be “consumer debt.” This is important for people who might otherwise have difficulty qualifying for a Chapter 7 due to the means test. One exception to the means test is if more than half of your total debts are not “consumer debt.” In that scenario, you will automatically be eligible for Chapter 7 and no means test is required.

Therefore, if you are dealing with significant tax debts, you should discuss all of your options with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. Contact Brine Consumer Law today for a free consultation.

The myth that you will lose all your property from filing Chapter 7 is common. Unfortunately, it seems that this fear may be caused by simple terminology.

A Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing is technically considered a liquidation. However, the vast majority of cases are considered “no asset” cases, in which the value of your assets has no impact on the case, and no property is lost. This is due to exemptions.

What Is an Exemption?

An exemption is a state or federal law that allows you to protect a specific amount of value in your assets. For example, Massachusetts state law allows you to protect up to $7,500 in equity in your vehicle ($15,000 if you are handicapped or over the age of 60). Unless you have a newer vehicle without a car loan, odds are you may not have this much equity in it. Even if you do, though, there is also a “wildcard” exemption of up to $6,000 that can be applied to any asset. Therefore, depending on the value of your other assets, you may be able to fully protect a vehicle with up to $13,500 in equity.

There are specific exemptions available for many other items too, including cash, bank accounts, furniture, clothing, and cars. If you own your home and have a Declaration of Homestead filed, then you may be entitled to an exemption of up to $500,000.

There are separate exemption rights under state and federal laws, and you are only allowed to use one set. Depending on your circumstances, then, it may be more beneficial to use either state or federal laws.

What If My Exemptions Aren’t Enough?

If the available exemptions are not enough to protect all of your assets, then you may still have several options to consider. You might choose to file a Chapter 7 anyway, and attempt to “purchase” the asset back during the case. Alternatively, you might file a Chapter 13 bankruptcy instead, which requires a payment plan. There is no loss of property in a Chapter 13, but you are required to pay the full value of your unprotected assets through the payment plan. Finally, you might consider non-bankruptcy options such as debt settlement, debt consolidation, or fighting debt lawsuits.

To review your particular circumstances, contact Brine Consumer Law today for a free consultation.

When you must file a Chapter 7 liquidation bankruptcy or a Chapter 13 reorganization bankruptcy, you must file your petition and other pleadings in the correct bankruptcy court. You will also need to attend a meeting of creditors—also called a 341 Meeting—where the bankruptcy trustee and your creditors have an opportunity to ask you questions of your financial affairs in the bankruptcy court system where you filed your petition. Hearings in Chapter 13 bankruptcies, such as a confirmation hearing to approve your Chapter 13 plan, will also be held at this court. Here, we discuss the bankruptcy courts where your bankruptcy could be heard.

Which Bankruptcy Court in Massachusetts Will Your Need to Go to for Bankruptcy Hearings?

The Massachusetts Bankruptcy Court is made up of three divisions: the Eastern Division, the Central Division, and the Western Division. There is one court in each of the three divisions: Boston, Worcester, and Springfield. (There is also a fourth court in Barnstable, which hears cases involving Cape Cod bankruptcies, but it is only open on certain days and is considered part of the Boston Court.)

The location of your home will determine where your case is assigned. The territories for each division are determined with the hope to spread cases evenly to each court. Here are the counties within each division of the Bankruptcy Court:

• Boston. Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Nantucket, Plymouth, and Suffolk county bankruptcies are assigned to the Eastern Division in Boston.
• Worcester. Worcester county bankruptcies are the only bankruptcies assigned to the Central Division in Worcester.
• Springfield. The Western Division Bankruptcy Court hears bankruptcies for people living in Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden, and Hampshire counties.

However, some counties are split between counties. These additional rules regarding court hearing location apply:

• Middlesex, Essex, and Norfolk counties have been carved up between the Boston and Worcester courts, and you might not be assigned to the court you would expect.
• The following towns in Middlesex County are assigned to the Boston Court: Arlington, Belmont, Burlington, Cambridge, Everett, Lexington, Lincoln, Malden, Medford, Melrose, Natick, Newton, North Reading, Reading, Sherborn, Somerville, Stoneham, Wakefield, Waltham, Watertown, Wayland, Weston, Wilmington, Winchester, and Woburn. All other towns in Middlesex County are assigned to the Worcester Court.
• The following towns in Essex County are assigned to the Worcester Court: Andover, Bradford, Haverhill, Lawrence, Methuen, and North Andover. All other towns in Essex County are assigned to the Boston Court.
• The following towns in Norfolk County are assigned to the Worcester Court: Bellingham, Franklin, and Medway. All other towns in Norfolk County are assigned to the Boston Court.

How Can You Know the Location Where Your Bankruptcy Case Will Be Heard?

The bankruptcy court where your case is assigned will send you a Notice of Hearing that states the date, time, and location of your 341 meeting and any other hearings that you need to attend. Depending on the procedures of the court division where your hearing will be conducted, your 341 meeting may be at another location other than the court. Your bankruptcy attorney can also advise you of the location of your bankruptcy hearing and prepare you for what to expect at the hearing.

Do you need to file a bankruptcy to get out of debt? At Brine Consumer Law, we will guide you through the complexities of filing a bankruptcy and prepare you for your 341 hearing and any other hearings that you are required to attend. To schedule a free consultation to get started, call our office to schedule your free consultation.